These papers about the White-bellied Sea-Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) are the copyright of the authors and/or the organisations who host them.

Sea-EagleCAM.org makes no claim to copyright, ownership or the authenticity of the information contained in these documents. Sea-EagleCAM.org is a central information point for the express purpose of improving the awareness about and knowledge of the White-bellied Sea-Eagle.

The list of resources below may have direct links to the documents if they are publicly available. Some may be hosted on Sea-EagleCAM.org if permission has been granted. From time to time more permission may be granted.

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White-bellied Sea-Eagle papers

 

• Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities 2012 Haliaeetus leucogaster - White-bellied Sea-Eagle, Species Profile and Threats Database.
  Comprehensive species profile including description, illustrations, distribution, habitat, populations, life cycle, surveys conducted.
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• Baldwin A 2010
  - The White-bellied sea-eagle in the Jervis Bay region: an exploration of the cultural, ecological and conservation significance. , University of Wollongong Thesis Collection.
  A 257 page thesis pertaining to everything White-bellied Sea-Eagles (Haliaeetus Leucogaster) in the Jervis Bay region. The WBSE is the guardian animal of the Wreck Bay aboriginal community as well as the official emblem of the Booderee National Park and Botanic Gardens in the Jervis Bay Territory. This thesis explores Aboriginal and non-Indigenous experiences relating to conservation in the Jervis Bay region.
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• Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Victoria 2014 Haliaeetus leucogaster - White-bellied Sea-Eagle, Flora and Fauna Garantee Action Statement.
  White-bellied Sea-Eagles have been recorded in the northern hemisphere from India to China and south through Asia, New Guinea and Australia. The long-term objectives are to halt the decline in numbers of the White-bellied Sea- Eagle.
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• Debus SJS 2008
  - Biology and diet of the White-bellied Sea-eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster breeding in northern inland New South Wales , Australian Field Ornithology 25, 4, 165–193.
  Very comprehensive study on the breeding territories of four pairs of White-bellied Sea-Eagles (Haliaeetus Leucogaster) in Northern Inland NSW. Study encompasses egg-laying to fledge, parental time-budgets, diet (prey) and juvenile growth and development.
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• Dennis TE 2004
  - Conservation status of the White-bellied Sea-Eagle, Osprey and Peregrine Falcon on Western Eyre Peninsula and adjacent offshore islands in South Australia.
  This study of nine White-bellied Sea-Eagle (Haliaeetus Leucogaster) territories, six on offshore islands of the western Eyre Peninsula, South Australia to determine distribution and breeding status. Also includes Osprey and Peregrine Falcon.
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• Dennis TE, Fitzpatrick G, & Brittain R 2011
  - Phases and duration of the White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster breeding season in South Australia and the implications for habitat management.
  This study analysis of events in 75 active territories spanning 21 breeding seasons. White-bellied Sea-Eagle are prone to abandoning a nesting attempt early in the breeding season, with the period of greatest sensitivity and risk of abandonment in South Australia extending from mid-May (intensive courtship) through incubation to mid-September.
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• Dennis TE & Baxter CI 2006,
  ‘ The status of the White-bellied Sea-Eagle and Osprey on Kangaroo Island in 2005 ’, South Australian Ornithologist 35, 47–51.
  Extensive survey of White-bellied Sea-Eagle and Osprey territories, both inactive and active (breeding). The territories were also assessed as subject to disturbance by human activities. The presence or absence of these territories can be a useful biodiversity marker to measure the impact of human activity over time. Both species are recognised as indicators of wilderness quality in undeveloped coastlines.
  
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• Dennis TE & Brittain R 2006
  - Attempted Kleptoparasitism by White-Bellied Sea-Eagles on Fur Seal, South Australian Ornithologist, 35, 1-2.
  Description of sub-adult White-bellied Sea-Eagles and sustained attacking behavior on fur seals in unsuccessful attempts to steal their prey (fish).
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• Dennis TE, Detmar SA , Brooks AV & Dennis HM 2011,
  'Distribution and status of White-bellied Sea-Eagle, Haliaeetus leucogaster, and Eastern Osprey, Pandion cristatus, populations in South Australia', South Australian Ornithologist 37, 1, 1-16.
  Comprehensive results of surveys of WBSE and Osprey populations over several years (2008-2010) indicates a decline for both species. Major and minor threats are identified and mitigation measures discussed.
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• Dennis T, McIntosh R & Shaughnessy P 2011,
  ‘ Effects of human disturbance on productivity of White-bellied Sea-Eagles (Haliaeetus leucogaster) ’, Emu 111, 179-185.
  Long term study on WBSE population on Kangaroo Island analyses whether breeding numbers were affected by human disturbance by monitoring nests with varying buffer zones in place.
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• Threatened Species Section 2006
  Threatened Tasmanian Eagles Recovery Plan 2006-2010 .
  Department of Primary Industries and Water, Hobart.
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• Emison WB & Bilney RJ 1982
  ‘ Nesting habitat and nest site characteristics of the White-bellied Sea-Eagle in the Gippsland Lakes region of Victoria, Australia ’, Raptor Research 16, 54–58.
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• Epuron 2011
  Biodiversity Assessment Eden Windfarm
  
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• Favaloro N 1943
  'The White-breasted Sea-eagle along the Murray Valley', Emu 43, 4, 233-242.
  
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• Fitzsimons JA 2002
  ‘ The taking of a dead Prickly Toadfish Contusus brevicaudas by a White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster ’, Australian Bird Watcher 19, 200–201.
  First record of a White-bellied Sea-Eagle scavenging a Prickly Toadfish which is known to be highly toxic.
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• Gopi GV & Pandav B 2006
  'White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster preying on salt-water crocodile Crocodylus porosus hatchling' Indian Birds 2, 6, 173.
  
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• Roach A, Symons R, Stevenson G & Manning T 2008
  Levels PBDES in Sediment fish and sea eagles from Sydney Harbour, Australia: Spacial Patterns and Profiles
  This document explains how the presence of contamination has led to the closure of commercial fishing and the placing of restrictions on the catching and consumption of fish by recreational fishers on Parramatta River/Sydney Harbour
  
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• Shephard J M, Catterall C P and Hughes JM 2004
  Discrimination of sex in the White-bellied Sea-Eagle, Haliaeetus leucogaster, using genetic and morphometric techniques
  While White-bellied Sea-Eagles are monomorphic when referring to adult colouration; their body size displays reversed sexual dimorphism, with females of the species being significantly larger. This document discusses several alternatives on how to discriminate without using genetic or laparoscopic methods (Australia & Papua New Guinea region)
  
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• Shephard J M, Catterall C P & Hughes J M 2005
  Long-term variation in the distribution of the White-bellied Sea-Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) across Australia
  Analysis of the Australian Bird Atlas data to identify the extent and pattern of change in range and density of White-bellied Sea-Eagles between three Atlas Periods (1901–1976, 1977–1981 and 1998–2001)
  
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• Smales I & Muir S 2005
  Modelled cumulative impacts on the Tasmanian Wedge-tailed Eagle of wind farms across the species’ range
  Across the board risk analysis on juvenile, immature and adult Tasmanian WTE’s (sub-species) and the impact of wind farms on their survival – based on computer modelling.
  
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• Smith G C 1985
  An Analysis of prey remnants from Osprey (pandion haliaeetus) and White-bellied Sea-Eagles (Haliaeetus Leucogaster) feeding roosts
  Breakdown of Osprey and White-bellied Sea-Eagle nest/feeding roost remnants (leftovers) on islands along the Great Barrier Reef.
  
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• Spencer J A & Lynch T P 2005
  Patterns in the abundance of White-bellied Sea-Eagles (Haliaeetus leucogaster) in Jervis Bay, south-eastern Australia
  Surveys conducted between 2001 and 2003 to investigate abundance and distribution of White-bellied Sea-Eagles in the Jervis Bay area.
  
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• Symons R, Piro N, Stevenson G & Yates A 2005
  Elevated Levels of Organohalogen Contaminants in White-bellied Sea-Eagles (Haliaeetus Leucogaster) from Sydney, Australia
  Document reports on tissue samples of two White-bellied Sea-Eagles who died in the Homebush Bay area within days of each other (female was incubating and died on nest), for Organohalogen Contaminants.
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• Tsim S-T, Lee, W-h, Cheung, C-s, Chow K-l, Ma Y-n & Liu K-y 2003
  The Population and Breeding Ecology of White-bellied Seaeagles in Hong Kong
  Hong Kong Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Hong Kong Biodiversity Newsletter 05.
  Six page feature article on the population and breeding ecology of White-bellied Sea-Eagles in Hong Kong. At the time of this article the population of WBSE in Hong Kong was 39.
  
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• Wiersma JM & Richardson A 2008
  Foraging of White-bellied Sea-Eagles (Haliaeetus leucogaster) in Relation to marine Fish Farms in Tasmania
  Investigates the effects of marine fish farms (primarily Atlantic Salmon) on the foraging ecology of White-bellied Sea-Eagles during their breeding period in coastal Tasmania.
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• Wink M, Heidrich P & Fentzloff C 1996
  A MtDNA Phylogeny of Sea Eagles (genus Haliaeetus) Based on Nucleotide Sequences of the Cytochrome b-gene
  Study of DNA markers using molecular techniques. The evolution of adaptive traits towards bird of prey specialisations have resulted in morphological and anatomical similarities, which might be convergent.
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• WY So I & Lee W H Lee 2010
  Breeding Ecology of White-bellied Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster, 白腹海鵰) in Hong Kong – A Review and Update Hong Kong Biodiversity - Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Newsletter Issue 18
  Eight page feature article which updates the 2003 one on breeding ecology of White-bellied Sea-Eagles in Hong Kong. This article revisits the nests and provides updates on breeding pairs. At the time of this article the population of WBSE in Hong Kong was 57.
  
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